|
Grassmann's law, named after its discoverer Hermann Grassmann, is a dissimilatory phonological process in Ancient Greek and Sanskrit which states that if an aspirated consonant is followed by another aspirated consonant in the next syllable, the first one loses the aspiration. The descriptive version was described for Sanskrit by . Here are some examples in Greek of the effects of Grassmann's law: * 'I sacrifice (an animal)' * 'it was sacrificed' * 'hair' * 'hairs' * 'to bury (aorist)' * 'to bury (present)' * 'a grave' * 'burial' In the reduplication which forms the perfect tense in both Greek and Sanskrit, if the initial consonant is aspirated, the prepended consonant is unaspirated by Grassmann's law. For instance 'I grow' : 'I have grown'. The fact that deaspiration in Greek took place after the change of Proto-Indo-European to , and the fact that no other Indo-European languages show Grassmann's law, suggests that Grassmann's law developed separately in Greek and Sanskrit (although quite possibly due to areal influence from one language to the other), i.e. that it was not inherited from PIE.〔See discussion in 〕 Another reason is that Grassmann's law in Greek also affects the aspirate ''h'' < ''s'' developed specifically in Greek but not in Sanskrit or most other PIE branches. (For example, > > ''ekhō'' "I have" with dissimilation of ''h ... kh'', but the future tense ''heksō'' "I will have" was unaffected.) The evidence from other languages is not strictly negative: many IE branches, including Sanskrit's closest relative Iranian merge the PIE voiced aspirated and unaspirated stops, and thus it is not possible to tell if Grassmann's law ever operated in them. ==In Greek== In Koine Greek, outside of the context of reduplicating syllables, the alternations involving labials and velars have been completely levelled, and thus Grassmann's law only remains in effect for the alternation between and , as in the latter two examples above. It makes no difference whether the in question continues PIE or . Thus alongside the pair 'fast' : 'faster' displaying Grassmann's law, Greek has the pair 'thick' : 'thicker' from the PIE etymon (established by cognate forms like Sanskrit ''bahú-'' 'abundant' since is the only point of intersection between Greek ''p'' and Sanskrit ''b''), in which the in the comparative is a result of levelling. Similarly, ~ 'come to know' from PIE has the future . Contrariwise, only dissimilates before aspirated affixes like the aorist passive in and the imperative in ; and do not, as in 'speak!'. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Grassmann's law」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|